{"id":568,"date":"2024-08-13T13:23:29","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T13:23:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cdci.w3.uvm.edu\/blog\/?page_id=568"},"modified":"2025-06-09T11:00:23","modified_gmt":"2025-06-09T15:00:23","slug":"evolve-plus-paraprofessional-support-of-students-with-disabilities","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cdci.w3.uvm.edu\/blog\/services\/completed-cdci-projects\/evolve-plus\/evolve-plus-paraprofessional-support-of-students-with-disabilities\/","title":{"rendered":"Paraprofessional Support of Students with Disabilities in Inclusion Oriented Schools"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><em>Note<\/em><\/strong>: Most recent articles are shared first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jackson, C. &amp; Giangreco, M. F. (in press, 2025). The inclusive value of teacher assistants: One piece of the puzzle. In U. Sharma, S. Woodcock, &amp; E. Hitches (Eds.), <em>Handbook of inclusive education: A collaborative approach<\/em> (pp. tbd). Edward Elgar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Webster, R., &amp; Giangreco, M. F. (in press, 2025). Escaping the whirlpool: A contextualized research agenda for teaching assistants in inclusion-oriented schools. In J. Specht, S. Sider, &amp; K. Maich (Eds.), <em>A research agenda for inclusive education<\/em> (pp. 25-39). Edward Elgar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F. (2021). Maslow&#8217;s hammer: Teacher assistant research and inclusive practices at a crossroads. <em>European Journal of Special Needs Education, 36<\/em>(2), 278-293. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/08856257.2021.1901377\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08856257.2021.1901377<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F. (2020). Remote use of paraprofessional supports for students with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic (version 7). University of Vermont, Center on Disability and Community Inclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chopra, R. V., &amp; Giangreco, M. F. (2019). Effective use of teacher assistants in inclusive classrooms. In M. Schuelka, C. Johnstone, G. Thomas, &amp; A. Artiles (Eds.), <em>The SAGE handbook on inclusion and diversity in education<\/em> (pp. 193-207)<em>. <\/em>Sage. <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4135\/9781526470430.n18\">https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4135\/9781526470430.n18<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Suter, J. C., Giangreco, M. F., &amp; Bruhl, S. A. D. (2020). Special education personnel absences in inclusion-oriented schools:Implications for building effective service delivery models. <em>Remedial and Special Education, 41<\/em>(6), 341-351. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0741932519865617\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0741932519865617<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., &amp; Suter, J. C. (2015). Precarious or purposeful? Proactively building inclusive special education service delivery on solid ground. <em>Inclusion, 3<\/em>(3), 112-131. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/2326-6988-3.3.112\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/2326-6988-3.3.112<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F. (2013). Teacher assistant supports in inclusive schools: Research, practices and alternatives. <em>Australasian Journal of Special Education, 37<\/em>(2), 93-106. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jse.2013.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jse.2013.1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., &amp; Hoza, B. (August, 2013). Are paraprofessional supports helpful? <em>Attention <\/em>(publication of CHADD:Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder), <em>20<\/em>(4), 22-25. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chadd.org\/AttentionPDFs\/ATTN_08_13_PARAPROFESSIONALS.pdf\">Full text available.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Suter, J. C., &amp; Hurley, S. M. (2013). Revisiting personnel utilization in inclusion-oriented schools. <em>Journal of Special Education<\/em>, <em>47<\/em>(2), 121-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0022466911419015\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022466911419015<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Doyle, M. B., &amp; Suter, J. C. (2012). Constructively responding to requests for paraprofessionals: We keep asking the wrong questions. <em>Remedial and Special Education, 33<\/em>(6), 362-373. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0741932511413472\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0741932511413472<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Broer, S. M., &amp; Suter, J. C. (2011). Guidelines for selecting alternatives to overreliance on paraprofessionals: Field-testing in inclusion-oriented schools. <em>Remedial and Special Education, 32<\/em>(1), 22-38. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0741932509355951\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0741932509355951<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F. (2010). Utilization of teacher assistants in inclusive schools: Is it the kind of help that helping is all about? <em>European Journal of Special Needs Education, 25<\/em>(4), 341-345. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08856257.2010.513537\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08856257.2010.513537<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F. (2010). One-to-one paraprofessionals for students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms: Is conventional wisdom wrong? <em>Intellectual &amp; Developmental Disabilities, 48<\/em>(1), 1-13. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1934-9556-48.1.1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1934-9556-48.1.1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Suter, J. C., &amp; Doyle, M. B. (2010). Paraprofessionals in inclusive schools: A review of recent research. <em>Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 20<\/em>(1), 41-57. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10474410903535356\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10474410903535356<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F. (2009). <em>Critical issues brief: Concerns about the proliferation of one-to-one paraprofessionals<\/em>. Council for Exceptional Children, Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities. <a href=\"https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED543012.pdf\">Full text available<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Suter, J. C., &amp; Giangreco, M. F. (2009). Numbers that count: Exploring special education and paraprofessional service delivery in inclusion-oriented schools. <em>Journal of Special Education<\/em>, <em>43<\/em>(2), 81-93. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0022466907313353\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022466907313353<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Hurley, S. M., &amp; Suter, J. C. (2009). Personnel utilization and general class placement of students with disabilities: Ranges and ratios. <em>Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 47<\/em>(1), 53-56. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/2009.47:53-56\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/2009.47:53-56<\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(2010) Correction to Giangreco, Hurley, and Suter (2009). <em>Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities<\/em>: null., <em>48<\/em>(1), ii. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1934-9556-48.1.ii\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1934-9556-48.1.ii<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., &amp; Broer, S. M. (2007). School-based screening to determine overreliance on paraprofessionals. <em>Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22<\/em>(3), 149-158. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F10883576070220030201\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10883576070220030201<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Causton-Theoharis, J., Giangreco, M. F., Doyle, M. B., &amp; Vadasy, P. F. (2007). Paraprofessionals: The &#8220;sous chefs&#8221; of literacy instruction. <em>Teaching Exceptional Children, 40<\/em>(1), 57-62. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F004005990704000107\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/004005990704000107<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., &amp; Doyle, M. B. (2007). Teacher assistants in inclusive schools. In L. Florian (Ed.), <em>The SAGE handbook of special education<\/em> (pp. 429-439). Sage. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4135\/9781848607989.n33\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4135\/9781848607989.n33<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Smith, C. S., &amp; Pinckney, E. (2006). Addressing the paraprofessional dilemma in an inclusive school: A program description. <em>Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities<\/em>, <em>31<\/em>(3), 215-229. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F154079690603100302\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154079690603100302<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Broer, S. M., Doyle, M. B., &amp; Giangreco, M. F. (2005). Perspectives of students with intellectual disabilities about their experiences with paraprofessional supports. <em>Exceptional Children<\/em>, <em>71<\/em>(4), 415-430. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001440290507100401\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001440290507100401<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., &amp; Broer, S. M. (2005). Questionable utilization of paraprofessionals in inclusive schools: Are we addressing symptoms or causes? <em>Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20<\/em>(1), 10-26. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10883576050200010201\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10883576050200010201<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Yuan, S., McKenzie, B., Cameron, P., &amp; Fialka, J. (2005). &#8220;Be careful what you wish for\u2026&#8221;: Five reasons to be concerned about the assignment of individual paraprofessionals. <em>Teaching Exceptional Children, 37<\/em>(5), 28-34. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F004005990503700504\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/004005990503700504<\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Halvorsen, A. T., Doyle, M. B., &amp; Broer, S. M. (2004). Alternatives to overreliance on paraprofessionals in inclusive schools. <em>Journal of Special Education Leadership, 17<\/em>(2), 82-90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., &amp; Doyle, M. B. (2004). Directing paraprofessional work. In C. H. Kennedy &amp; E. M. Horn (Eds.), <em>Including students with severe disabilities <\/em>(pp. 185-204). Allyn &amp; Bacon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F. (2003). Working with paraprofessionals. <em>Educational Leadership, 61<\/em>(2), 50-53. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ascd.org\/el\/articles\/working-with-paraprofessionals\">Full text available<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., &amp; Broer, S. M. (2003). <em>Guidelines for selecting alternatives to overreliance on paraprofessionals.<\/em> Center on Disability and Community Inclusion, University of Vermont.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., &amp; Broer, S. M. (March\/April 2003). The paraprofessional conundrum: Why we need alternative support strategies. <em>TASH Connections Newsletter, 29<\/em> (3\/4), 22-23. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarworks.uvm.edu\/cessfac\/8\/\">Full text available<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Edelman, S. W., &amp; Broer, S. M. (2003). Schoolwide planning to improve paraeducator supports. <em>Exceptional Children, 70<\/em>(1), 63-79. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F001440290307000104\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001440290307000104<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Backus, L., CichoskiKelly, E., Sherman, P., &amp; Mavropoulos, Y. (2003). Paraeducator training materials to facilitate inclusive education: Initial field-test data. <em>Rural Special Education Quarterly, 22<\/em>(1), 17-27. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F875687050302200104\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/875687050302200104<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Broer, S. M., &amp; Edelman, S. W. (2002). Schoolwide planning to improve paraeducator supports: A pilot study. <em>Rural Special Education Quarterly, 21<\/em>(1), 3-15. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F875687050202100102\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/875687050202100102<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., &amp; Doyle, M. B. (2002). Students with disabilities and paraprofessional supports: Benefits, balance, and band-aids. <em>Focus on Exceptional Children, 34<\/em>(7), 1-12. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17161\/foec.v34i7.6790\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17161\/foec.v34i7.6790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Broer, S. M., &amp; Edelman, S. W. (2002). &#8220;That was then, this is now!&#8221; Paraprofessional supports for students with disabilities in general education classrooms. <em>Exceptionality, 10<\/em>(1), 47-64. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327035EX1001_4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327035EX1001_4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Edelman, S. W., Broer, S. M., &amp; Doyle, M. B. (2001). Paraprofessional support of students with disabilities: Literature from the past decade. <em>Exceptional Children, 68<\/em>(1), 45-63. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F001440290106800103\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001440290106800103<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Broer, S. M., &amp; Edelman, S. W. (2001). Teacher engagement with students with disabilities: Differences between paraprofessional service delivery models. <em>Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 26<\/em>(2)<em>, <\/em>75-86. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2511%2Frpsd.26.2.75\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2511\/rpsd.26.2.75<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Edelman, S. W., &amp; Broer, S. M. (2001). Respect, appreciation, and acknowledgement of paraprofessionals who support students with disabilities. <em>Exceptional Children, 67<\/em>(4)<em>, <\/em>485-498. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F001440290106700404\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001440290106700404<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Edelman, S., &amp; Broer, S. (June 2001).<em> A guide to schoolwide planning for paraeducator supports.<\/em> University of Vermont, Center on Disability and Community Inclusion. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarworks.uvm.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&amp;context=cessfac\">Full text available<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Broer, S. M., &amp; Edelman, S. W. (1999). The tip of the iceberg: Determining whether paraprofessional support is needed for students with disabilities in general education settings. <em>Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 24<\/em>(4), 281-291. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2511%2Frpsd.24.4.281\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2511\/rpsd.24.4.281<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giangreco, M. F., Edelman, S. W., Luiselli, T. E., &amp; MacFarland, S. Z. (1997). Helping or hovering? Effects of instructional assistant proximity on students with disabilities. <em>Exceptional Children, 64<\/em>(1), 7-18. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001440299706400101\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001440299706400101<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Note: Most recent articles are shared first. Jackson, C. &amp; Giangreco, M. F. (in press, 2025). The inclusive value of teacher assistants: One piece of the puzzle. In U. Sharma, &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":391,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-568","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Paraprofessional Support of Students with Disabilities in Inclusion Oriented Schools - UVM Center on Disability &amp; Community Inclusion (CDCI)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cdci.w3.uvm.edu\/blog\/services\/completed-cdci-projects\/evolve-plus\/evolve-plus-paraprofessional-support-of-students-with-disabilities\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Paraprofessional Support of Students with Disabilities in Inclusion Oriented Schools - UVM Center on Disability &amp; Community Inclusion (CDCI)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Note: Most recent articles are shared first. 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